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美國希望與塔利班簽署和平協議

2012年9月7日

美國政府正在尋求與阿富汗塔利班達成一項和平協議。儘管談判步履維艱,但達成協議是可能的。然而,塔利班堅持要求美國釋放5名關塔納摩囚犯作為先決條件。

https://p.dw.com/p/165EO
A picture made available on 09 October 2008 shows Taliban militants standing guard as their spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid (not in picture) talks with a journalist in the mountains of Afghanistan volatile Helmand province a hotbed of Taliban militants, 07 October 2008. The Taliban spokesman said that the ongoing mediation of Saudi Arabia for resolving the conflicts between Taliban and Afghan government is being done without the consent of Taliban's supreme leader Mullah Omar and they will not support the talks until 70,000 international forces withdraw from the country. Following two years of strategic stalemate in the military fronts, and mounting public opinion pressure in western countries which have soldiers in Afghanistan, to end the war, Afghan and western officials have joined a chorus to call for peace with militants. EPA/STRINGER +++(c) dpa - Report+++
塔利班成員圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

(德國之聲中文網)現在,就連美國政府也不再相信,阿富汗戰爭只能通過軍事手段來解決。美國國務院一位發言人說:"政治對話是實現持久和平與持久穩定的最可靠途徑"。近兩年來,華盛頓政府一直在尋求通過談判找到解決方案。但是去年三月份,塔利班中斷了談判,原因是他們提出的釋放關塔那摩監獄五名高級成員的要求沒有迅速得到滿足。

可滿足的要求?

雙方的要求早已經明確:美國要求塔利班停止戰鬥,尊重阿富汗憲法,斷絕與"基地"恐怖組織的聯絡。塔利班要求所有外國軍隊撤離阿富汗,釋放被監禁的盟友和承認塔利班運動。

聯合國基地組織和塔利班觀察員小組負責人理查德‧巴雷特(Richard Barrett)認為,所有這些要求原則上來說都是可以實現的。而且,2014年阿富汗國際安全援助部隊撤離阿富汗之後,美國仍在阿富汗留下一些部隊估計也不會有障礙。"巴雷特說 ,務實的塔利班會認為,"國際部隊的存在將能夠對協議起到一種擔保作用,將有助於他們真正地參與政府工作。"巴雷特還認為, 塔利班承認"憲法"也不是不可能的 - 但條件必須是承認憲法並不意味著承認他們所痛恨的卡爾扎伊政府,而是由各方談判制定一部新的憲法。
 

ADVANCE FOR RELEASE MONDAY, SEPT. 3, 2012, AT 12:01 A.M. EDT - FILE - In this Sunday, Aug. 5, 2012 file photo, Pakistani Taliban patrol in their stronghold of Shawal in the Pakistani tribal region of South Waziristan. In the Pakistani tribal regions that harbor al-Qaida and a cauldron of other jihadist groups, militants from Central Asia, China, Turkey and even Germany are growing in number, eclipsing Arabs and possibly raising new challenges not just for the U.S. but for Europe, Russia and China, say intelligence officials, analysts and residents of the area. (Foto: Ishtiaq Mahsud, File/AP/dapd)
塔利班成員圖片來源: AP

塔利班內部意見不一

然而最大的問題是,塔利班領導層內部是否能夠就與美國簽署協議統一立場。部分塔利班成員斷然拒絕與美國談判,另一部分人則認為與美國談判只是作為一種戰術。作為實用主義者的塔利班成員列舉了阿迦岩‧穆塔西姆( Agha Jan Motasim)事件。這位前塔利班政府的財政部長在呼籲政治解決阿富汗衝突以及反對"基地"恐怖組織的聲明後,於兩年前在巴基斯坦城市卡拉奇遭到槍擊,能夠死裡逃生簡直是個奇跡。
 

尚未解決的囚犯問題

在開始談判之前,必須首先澄清被關押的囚犯問題。塔利班已經非常清楚地表明,只要美國政府拒絕將5名被關押在關塔那摩監獄的塔利班囚犯與自2009年被俘以來被他們關押的5名美國士兵進行交換,他們就絕不會繼續進行談判。美國國務院的一位發言人說,"美國政府還沒有決定移交關塔納摩的塔利班囚犯"。

此外,美國總統歐巴馬目前正在進行競選活動。"國際危機小組"智囊團的專家龍德勒(Candace Rondeaux)認為在11月大選前釋放包括前塔利班政權國防部副部長在內的5名塔利班成員是不可能的事情。況且這位副部長對成千上萬的什葉派穆斯林的死亡負有責任。

epa03306252 A group of twenty one former Taliban militants after surrendering their weapons during a reconciliation ceremony in Herat, Afghanistan, 14 July 2012. Afghan President Hamid Karzai challenged the supreme leader of the Taliban insurgents, Mullah Omar, on 12 July to take part in elections. "Come to Afghanistan, lay down strangers' arms and establish a political party here with your followers. Run for election and if you get people's votes, then enjoy it," Karzai said at a press conference in his fortified palace The president has repeatedly appealed to Taliban militants to lay down their arms and join the political process but the rebels have rejected his appeals. Earlier this year, the rebels agreed to open a liaison office in the Gulf state of Qatar to talk with US officials, but they suspended the talks soon after, referring to "unacceptable conditions" for them to continue. EPA/JALIL REZAYEE +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
塔利班成員圖片來源: picture-alliance/dpa

作者:Dennis Stute 編譯:李京慧

責編:文山