Wargajewar Tarayyar Soviet

An kafa wannan daular ce da aka fi sani da suna USSR a shekarar 1922 shekaru biyar bayan da juyin juya hali na Rasha ya kifar da mulkin Tsar Nicholas na biyu a ƙarƙashin mulkin gargajiya a shekarar 1917. Kuma daular ta cigaba da bin tsarin da Joseph Stalin ya yi tun a wancan shekarar yadda a tsawon shekaru 70 na rayuwar ƙungiyar shugabanin sun jagoranci ƙasashen ne ta ofishin babban sakataren jamiyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu.

A lokacin tarayyar ta daɗe tana amfani da tsarin jamiyya ɗaya ne wadda ta ƙunshi ‘yan jamiyyar masu ra'ayin riƙau da Jam'iyyar 'yan kishin ƙasa da ma ‘yan ƙabilan Rasha masu neman canji. Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta USSR tarayya ce ta jamhuriyoyin Soviet, wadda ke da shalkwatar ta a Mosko, gwamnatin ta fi ƙarfi ne a tsakiya kuma ta yi ruwa da tsaƙi a dukkan tsare-tsaren ƙasar.

Dalilin Wargajewa

wargajewar Tarayyar ta Soviet dai, ta yi mafari ne a shekarar 1985 bayan da shugaba Mikhail Gorbachev ya fara shugabantar tarayyar. A lokacin tarayyar ta shiga wani hali na rikicin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da nasaba da yadda gwamnatin ta kashe maƙudan kuɗaɗe wajen samar da rundunar sojoji a maimakon ɗaukar matakan raya ƙasa, kuma manufofin Gorbachev na amfani da manufofin gurguza basu taimaka wa kasashen yadda suka so ba. Bayan da ƙungiyar ta janye dakarun sojojin ta daga yaƙin da ke gudana a Afghanistan a lokacin, ƙasashen Baltic da na gabashin Turai sai suka fara nuna takaicin su dangane da yadda ƙungiyar ke gudanar da alamura, suka kuma fara neman canji.

A watan Febrairun 1990 kwamitin ƙoli na jamiyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu na Tarayyar ta Soviet ya nemi ya yi sassauci a yadda ake gudanar da abubuwa, inda ya amince da rage ikon da Tarayyar keda shi a tsakiya.

A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu aka zartar da dokar da ta tanadar da cewa jamhoriyoyin za su iya ɓallewa daga uwar gijiyarsu idan har aka sami rinjaye na kashi biyu cikin ukku a zaɓen raba gardama. Mafi yawancin su, zaɓen su na farko ke nan a zamanin mulkin Soviet, kuma sun fito ƙwan su da ƙwarƙwatar suka goyi bayan kafa majalisun su. Daga nan sai mazaɓun da ke ƙasashe 15 da ke tarayyar suka gudanar da zaɓe, wanda a ƙarshe ƙabilu masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa da neman gyara a tarayyar suka lashe mafi yawancin kujerun.

Kamar yadda masu iya magana ke cewa idan kiɗa ya sauya, sai rawa ma ta sake, waɗan nan majalisun, sai suka zauna suka fitar da dokokin su, waɗanda kuma suka saɓa da dokokin Tarayyar, inda suka fara tafiyar da al'amurar tattalin arzikin su, suka kuma daina biyan harajin da gwamnati a tsakiya ta ƙayyade wa ƙasashen. Hakan sai ya ƙara durkusar da harkokin tattalin arzikin ƙungiyar ta Tarayyar Soviet, ya kuma haifar da rikicin da aka fi sani a turance da “War of Laws”

Har ila yau a ranar 12 ga watar Yuni 1991 sai Rasha ta gudanar da zaɓen gama gari bisa tafarkin demokraɗiyya inda ta zaɓi Boris Yeltsin wani mai sukar lamarin shugaban Tarayyar ta USSR wato Mikhail Gorbachev a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a maimaikon Nikolai Ryzhkov, ɗan takarar da ke samun goyon bayan shi Grobachev.

Tabbatar da ƙungiyar a matsayin tsintsiya maɗaurin ki ɗaya

Da Gorbachev ya fara ganin ɓarakar da ke gudana a ƙungiyar, sai ya fitar da wata sabuwar yarjejeniyar da zata mayar da Ƙungiyar Tarayyar jamhoriyoyi masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin shugaba ɗaya da rundunar sojoji ɗaya, su kuma yi amfani da manufofin ƙetare iri ɗaya.

A yayin da masu neman gyara suka yi maraba da wannan cigaban, hankalin su sai ya fi karkata ga samar da tsarin kasuwancin da zai yi tasiri wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin ƙasar ko da ya kasance wargajewar Tarayyar ita ce kaɗai mafita. Wannan tunani ya zo dai dai da manufofin Yeltsin wanda ke son ya mayar da Rasha ‘yantacciyar Tarayyar mai hukumomin kanta da kuma cikakken iko a kan iyakokin ta, ta yadda za ta yi watsi da aƙidar cibiyar ƙungiyar dake Mosko duk da cewa bai fito fili ya bayyana hakan ba.

Ashe ba nan gizo ke saƙar ba, ana nan ba zato ba tsammani, a ranar 19 ga watan Ogostan 1991 mataimakin shugaban tarayyar Gennadi Yanayev da Frime Minista Valentin Pavlov da ministan tsaro Dimitry Yazov da shugaban kungiyar leken asiri ta KGB Vladimir Kryuchkov da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnatin a lokacin suka kafa wani kwamiti da niyyar ƙaddamar da juyin mulki. Nan da nan kwamitin ya kafa dokar ta baci a ƙasar, kuma ya hana sauran ƙasashen rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da Gorbachev ke ƙoƙarin ƙullawa da su, sannan suka yi wa shugaban ɗaurin talala suka dakatar da harkokin siyasa suka kuma sanya wa ‘yan jarida takunkumi.

Amma wannan shirin nasu bai samu karɓuwa a wajen al'ummar ba, saboda haka, bayan kwana ukku, sai juyin mulkin ya ci tura, Gorbachev ya dawo matsayin sa na shugaban kungiyar ta USSR amma martabarsa ta riga ta raunana domin kuwa hatta shugabancin ƙungiyar a Mosko, ba mai amfani da umurnan sa.

Masu iya Magana na cewa kibiyar ajali sulke ba ya tsare ta sai ta wuce, bayan wata huɗu sai Ukraine ta gudanar da nata zaɓen raba gardamar inda kashi 90 cikin 100 suka goyi bayan samar da ‘yancin kan ƙasar, daga nan sai shugabannin manyan jamhoriyoyi ukku na Salvik wato Rasha, Ukraine da Belarus suka haɗa kai suka rattaba hanu akan yarjejeniyar Belavezha wadda ta kawo ƙarshin mulkin Tarayyar soviet, sanan a madadin ta, suka samar da Commonwealth of Independent States wato haɗaɗɗiyar ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu cin gashin kansu.

Da farko an yi ta tantamar dorewar yarjejeniyar ta Belavezha, tunda kasashe biyar ne daga cikin 15 ɗin kadai suka rattaba hannu akanta amma a ranar 21 ga watan disemban, dukka wakilan ƙasashen banda na Geoargia da kasashen Baltik guda uku, suka rattaba hannu a yarjejeniyar Alma Ata wadda ta tabbatar da wargajewar tarayyar, sannan sai Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zaɓi Rasha a matsayin wakiliyar ƙungiyar ta USSR a Kwamitin Sulhun Majalisar wanda shine tushen samun kujerar dindindin da Rashan ke da shi, a Kwamitin ƙolin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniyar.

A ranar 25 ga watan Disemban 1991 Gorbachev ya yi murabus a matsayin sa na shugaban ƙungiyar USSR ya miƙa dukkan ikon da yake da shi ga shugaban Rasha wato Boris Yeltsin. A daren wannan rana, aka saukar da tutar USSR sanan sauran hukumomin da suka rage a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar suka amince da wargajewar ƙungiyar a hukumance.

Mawallafiya: Pinaɗo Abdu
Edita: Ahmad Tijani Lawal