Tarihin Yaƙin Kudancin Sudan

Yaƙin ya kan afku ne tsakanin gwamnati da ke tsakiya wacce ke faɗaɗa kanta da kuma ƙananan ƙabilu da su kan yi ƙorafin cewa an mayar da su saniyar ware.Ƙananan daulolin da ke zaune a gaɓar tekun Nile sun daɗe suna kai ruwa rana da alummomin Sudan. Wasu kan danganta rikicin da wariyar launin fata ko kuma ƙabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da baƙake wasu kuma su kan ce banbance-banbancen addini ne wato musulumi, Krista da masu yin na garagajiya, amma a zahiri abun ya fi haka, manazarta kamar Douglas Johnson suna danganta shi da gwamnatin kama karya ko kuma ta raba kawunan jama'a, domin  ko a lokacin da Burtaniya ta mulki ƙasar ta Sudan, ta shugabanci yankunan ta yi amfani da tsari daban wa kowani yanki, alal Misali ta riƙe kudancin kamar ƙasashe irin su Kenya, Tanzaniya da kuma Uganda da ke daga Gabashin Afirka inda suka yi amfani da harshen Ingilishi mafi yawancinsu kuma suka bi addinin Krista suna bin ɗarikar Katolika kana kuma ta riƙe yankin arewacin kamar ƙasashen da ke amfani da harshen larabci irinsu Masar, mafi yawancinsu kuma addinin musulunci.

Yaƙin basasar farko 1955-1972

A tsohuwar sudan, gwamnatin ta riƙa ɗaukar matakan danniya, a shekarar 1962, gwamnatin ta kori masu aikin mission a ƙasar kuma ta rufe makarantun da suka buɗe. wannan mataki da gwamnatin ta ɗauka ya harzuƙa alummar kudancin ƙwarai lamarin da ya kai ga rikici, wanda kuma ya rikiɗa zuwa yaƙin basasa. Wannan yaƙin dai ya tsagaita ne a shekarar 1972 da yarjejeniyar Adis Ababa, wanda ya tanadi baiwa kudancin ƙasar 'yancin bin addinin da ta zaɓa da kuma amfani da aladun da ta. Wani abu kuma shine mallakar ma'adinan ƙasa, kasancewar kudancin ƙasar ce ke da mafi yawancin manyan rijiyoyin man ƙasar kuma kashi 70 bisa ɗari na kuɗaɗen dake shigowa daga man da ƙasar ke fitarwa ne. Kuma kasancewar hanyoyin ruwa sun fi yawa a yankin Kudancin, sun fi samun ruwa da ƙasar noma mai yalwa, abun da yankin arewacin ba shi da shi kasancewar yana kusa da hamada.

Rashin Jituwa da rarrabuwan kai danagane da yarjejeniyar Adis Ababa

To daga baya gwamnatin ta sanya tanadin yarjejeniyar ta Adis Ababa a kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar amma saɓawa yarjejeniyar ne ya kai ga yaƙin basasar na biyu saboda shugaba Gaafar Nimiery sai ya nemi ya mallaki dukka rijiyoyin man da suke gicciye a kan iyakar yankunan Kudun da arewacin. Tun farko masu tsatsaurar ra'ayin Islama basu so yadda yarjejeniyar ta tanadi baiwa kudanci 'yancin tafiyar da tattalin arziƙinta da ma man da ta mallaka ba. Saboda haka a shekarar 1983 sai shugaba Nimiery ya mayar da Sudan Jamhoriyar Islama abun da kuma ya yi sanadiyyar duk 'yancin da kudancin ke da shi, amma wannan bai hana yan adawa fitowa ba saboda mulkin danniyar ta kai masu iya wuya.

Mafarin girka dakarun SPLA masu adawa a Kudancin Sudan

An kafa Sudan People's Liberation Army kamar yadda aka santa a turance, wato SPLA a shekarar 1983 a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye, domin su ƙalubalanci gwamnati a tsakiya su kuma ƙwato 'yancin aiwatar da harkokin da suka shafi tattalin arziƙin yankin, kuma ƙungiyar ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai ƙwato haƙƙin duk mutanen Kudancin Sudan da ake tauyawa haƙƙinsu, a ƙarƙashin jagoranci John Garang. Ita dai wannan ƙungiya ta zargi gwamnatin da aiwatar da manufofin da ke haddasa rarrabuwan kan 'yan ƙasa.

Kafofin yaɗa labarai sun taka rawar gani a wancan lokacin amma yunƙurin nasu bata haifar da ɗa mai ido ba inji  Alfred Lokuji, masanin tarihin ƙasar Sudan:

"Mun yi tunanin cewa Sudan zata zama sabuwar ƙasa, wacce alummar take da ikon zaɓan addinin da zata bi, kuma zata kasance ƙasar Afurka saboda tana da al'umman baƙaƙen fata da kuma ƙasa ta larabawa saboda dangantakar da take da shi da Larabawa ma. Amma sai hakan bata faru ba. Bugu da ƙari mutane sun fushi sosai kasancewar an saɓawa yarjejeniyar Adis Ababa a dalilin haka sai kowai ya yanke shawarar cewa ɓallewa ne kaɗai zaɓin da Kudancin ke da shi"

Yaƙin basasa na biyu da yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai

Yaƙin basasan na biyu ya faro ne a shekarar 1983 ko da shike, yaƙin farko wanda ya afku tsakanin shekarar 1955 da 1972 ne aka cigaba. Duk da cewa yaƙin yayi mafari ne daga kudancin Sudan, ya bazu zuwa alummomin da ke  duwatsun Nuba da kuma tekun Nile. Aƙalla mutane milliyan biyu suka rasu sakamakon wannan yaƙin, wasu milliyan huɗu suka rasa matsugunnen su aƙalla lokaci ɗaya lokacin yaƙin tunda duk inda suka je su kan yi hijira dole saboda yaƙin ya kan zo ya same su. Adadin mace-macen fararen hular da aka samu a wancan lokacin yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi yawa tun bayan yaƙin duniya ta biyu. Wannan rikici dai ya zo ƙarshe ne bayan da  ɓangarorin biyu suka rattaba hannu a kan wata yarjejeniyar sulhu a watan Janairun shekarar 2005.

A shekarar ta 2005 'yan tawayen SPLA tare da gwamnatin arewacin Sudan sun rattaɓa hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta zaman lafiya bayan faman kai ruwa rana na tsawon shekaru da dama. Sun cimma daidaituwa kan ba wa kudancin Sudan ikon cin kashin kanta, inda kuma a lokaci guda suka kafa wata gwamnati ta haɗin gambiza tsakaninsu aka kuma shirya gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama game da makomar kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2011. Amma jim kaɗan bayan haka John Garang ya baƙonci lahira.

Magajinsa Salva Kiir ya dage akan ikon cin gashin kan kudancin Sudan, lamarin da aka yanke ƙuduri kansa a hukumance a cikin watan janairun da ya wuce. Kimanin kashi 98% suka goyi bayan ikon cin gashin kan kudancin Sudan a ƙuri'ar ta raba gardama, wanda don haka aka wayi gari Afirka ta samu wata sabuwar ƙasa  ta 54 bayan kimanin shekaru 50.

Mawallafiya: Pinaɗo Abdu

Edita: Ahmad Tijani Lawal