Dedan Kimathi: Dan gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kasar Kenya

Yaya Dedan Kimathi ya rayu?

An haifi Dedan Kimathi da ake kira Kimathi wa Waciuri a ranar 31 ga watan Oktobar 1920, a kauyen Thege da ke kusa da Nyeri a tsakiyar kasar Kenya. Ya shiga makarantar Elmentare yana dan shekara 15. Daga nan sai ya mike zuwa makarantar Mission ta Sakandare mallakin kasar Scotland, a yankin da yake amma daga bisani ya fice daga makarantar.

Kimathi yay i karatu ne a zamanin turawan mulkin mallaka cikin tsananin wahali. Mahaifinsa ya rasu tun ba a kai ga haifarsa ba. Sai dai takardunsa na makaranta, sun nuna cewar shi ne haziki ne kwarai da gaske. Ya nakalci turancin Ingilishi kwarai da gaske da rubuce-rubucen adabi da wakoki. Kuma fitaccen dan kungiyar masu muhawara ne a yayin da yake makaranta. 

Koda yake haziki ne a aji, a wani gefen kuma, takadarin yaro ne shi, wasu masana tarihi sun alakanta takadarancinsa da kuma dabia'ar tawaye da tsanainin kyamar da yake yi wa mulkin turawa. Sai dai kuma akwai batun rashin jin dadinsa ga yadda wasu ‘yanuwansa bakar fata ke ci masa zarafi. Wasu daga cikin abokansa na wasa nay i masa lakabi da ‘Njangu', wata kalma a harshen Kikuyu da ke nufin word which means ‘mutum mai hadari'. An kore shi ne daga makaranta a shekarar 1944 saboda laifin rashin da'a.

Daga wace kabilar Dedan Kimathi ya fito?

Kimathi ya fito ne daga tsatson Ambui, daya daga cikin zuri'o'I tara da ke cikin kabilar Kikuyu mafi yawan al'uma a kasar Kenya. Galibinsu na zaune ne a tsakiyar kasar da ke a gabashin nahiyar Afirka. Jomo Kenyatta, mutumin da aka yi imanin shi ne ya kafa kasar Kenya, shi ma daga kabilar ya fito. Wasu masana tarihin sun ce Kenyatta da Kimathi na da mabmabantan ra'ayi a kan batun da ya shfai sama wa kasar ‘yanci. Yayin da Kenyatta ya so a samu ‘yancin ta ruwan sanyi, shi kuwa Kimathi ra'ayinsa ne samun ‘yancin da tsinin bindiga.

Yaya aka yi ya zama dan gwagwarmayar neman ‘yanci?

Matashi Kimathi ya sha fadi tashin neman aiki daban-daban, da suka hada da aikin akawu kiwon aladu da kuma koyarwa. Saboda gogewarsa a harshen Ingilishi, yay i ayyuka da dama. Amma a karshe yay i ta jin bakin cikin yadda turawan mulkin mallaka ke gudanar da kasarsa.

A shekarar 1951, Kimathi ya hadu da sauran ‘yan gwagwarmaya a Kenya, gamayyar da a karshe aka rada wa suna Mau-Mau. A guje kuwa yay i ta rike mukaman jagoranci ciki har da na rantsar da sabbin masu shiga gwagwarmayar ala tilas. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da turawan Birtaniya suka ayyana dokar ta-baci, Kimathi ya koma zama a wani kurmi da ke kusa da wani tsauni na Kenya. Ana ganin shi ne aka fi tsoronsa daga cikin manyan zatan da suka jagoranci gangamin juyin juya halin kasar. A matsayin wanda ke cikin majalisar tsaron na Kenya a lokacin, ya yanke shawarar tsara dabarun kai hare-hare a kan gwamnatin turawan na Birtaniya.

Mene ne tarihin gwagwarmayar Mau Mau?

Mau Mau dai wata gamayyar ce da aka tsara ta takanas da manufar kawo karshen mulkin turawa ‘yan share wuri zauna da suka kwace filayen gado na ‘yan asalin Kenya. Da farko galibin mayakan kungiyar Mau Mau dai ‘yan kabilar Kikuyu ne, wadanda turawan suka son yankunan da suke ciki. Amma daga bisani ‘yan kabilun Meru da Embu da Kamba dama wasu karin kabilun, suka yanke shawarar shiga don su ma a dama da su.

Babu dai tabbas kan inda Kalmar Mau Mau ta samo asali. Wasu dai na cewa kalma ce ta kabilar Kikuyu wato ‘uma' da ke nufin ‘tafi' ko ‘ci gaba'. To amma wasu mambobin kungiyar sun fi son a kira su  Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA). Wato rundunar yakin kwato filayen Kenya, ko kuma ‘Mzungu arudi Ulaya da mwafrika apate uhuru' cikin harshen Swahili da ke nufin baki ‘yan kasashen Turai su koma kasashensu don Afirkawa su sami ‘yanci.

Mayakan gwagwaryar dai na aiki ne bisa rantsuwar da suka yi na kare manufofinsu baki daya. Daga baya wasu daga cikin su sun fadi yadda aka tilasta musu shiga kungiyar. Ayyukansu dai sun tsorata turawan na Birtaniya da ke kasar da kuma wasu ‘yan Afirka masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, wadanda a karshe aka yi ta kai wa hare-hare saboda zarginsu da zama wadanda ke munafurtan ‘yan gwagwarmayar saboda mu'amalarsu da turawan.

Ko mutane nawa ne suka mutu lokacin gwagwarmayar Mau Mau?

Kundayen adanar bayanai a Kenya, sun atbbatar da cewa sama da mutum dubu goma ne sojojin mulkin mallaka suka kashe wasu kusan mutum dubu 50 kuwa aka garkame lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci a watan Oktobar 1952.  Haka nan sojojin na mallaka sun aiwatar da kasha-kashe ta hanyar rataya da makamantansu da suka dubu daya da 90, abin da ya sanya hakan zama danyen hukunci mafi girma da turawan na Birtaniya suka yi. A daya hannu kuwa wasu daruruwan mutane ne akasarinsu ‘yan kasar Kenya, aka yi zargin mayakan kungiyar ta Mau Mau suka kasha.

Ta wace hanya Dedan Kimathi ya mutu kuma ina aka binne shi?

A ranar 21 ga watan Oktobar 1956, mutumin da ya nada kansa matsayin Field Marshall, Dedan Kimathi, ya shiga hannu bayan nema ruwa-a-jallo karkashin jagorancin Ian Henderson, wani jami'in liken asiri na Birtaniya. A lokacin da aka kama shi kimathi, an sanar da ladar kudi. Wata ruwayar kuma ta ce an kama shi ne bayan rauni da aka yi masa daga harbe-harben da wasu masu gadin gidan wani zarton dan tawaye daga kabilar Kikuyu.

Ba tare da wata-wata ba aka fara shari'ar Kimathi kuma a karshe aka kashe a ranar 18 ga watan Fabarirun 1957. Turawan suka binne shi a wata makabarta mai matakan tsaro ba tare da sanya wata alama a kabarinsa ba, saboda gudun kada ‘yan kasar Kenya su maida kabarinsa wani wajen bauta.

Tsawon shekaru bayan nan, iyalansa da sauran dangi da ma gwamnatin kasar Kenya, suka bukaci gwamnatin Birtaniya ta bayyana wajen da aka binne Kimathi, sai dai ba a yi nasara ba. A karshe a shekarar 2019 ne aka sami labarin sanarwar hakinanin wajen da aka binne shi. 

Yaya ake tunawa da Dedan Kimathi?

A shekarar 2007 ne aka sanya wa wani titi a Nairobi sunan Dedan Kimathi, kuma tsohon Shugaba Mwai Kibaki ne ya kaddamar da mutum-mutumin Kimathi da aka gina da tagulla a titin da aka sanya sunan nasa. Jami'ar fasaha ta Dedan Kimathi babban filin wasa na Neyeri, duk wurare ne da aka sanya musu suna wannan fitaccen jarumi dan gwamgwarmayar ‘yancin na Mau Mau.

Shawarwarin kimiyya kann wannan makalar ya samu ne daga masanin tarihi Farfesa Doulaye Konaté, da Dakta Lily Mafela, Ph.D., da kuma Farfesa Christopher Ogbogbo. Gidauniyar Gerda Henkel ce ta daukar nauyi shirin Tushen Afirka.