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谜一样的H7N9禽流感病毒

2013年5月1日

近来在中国活跃的新型禽流感病毒让全世界的专家们都感到困扰。自从今年3月发现第一例H7N9病毒确诊病例以来,科研人员依然不能明确病毒感染的途径。

https://p.dw.com/p/18QAE
Technicians carry out a test for the H7N9 bird flu virus using test reagents at the Beijing Center for Diseases Control and Prevention in Beijing April 3, 2013. Test reagents for the H7N9 virus arrived in Beijing on Tuesday enabling the city's diseases control and prevention centre, and 55 laboratories in its network, to test for the virus. Chinese authorities reported four new cases on Tuesday of a strain of bird flu previously unknown in humans that has already killed two people, taking the total of known cases to seven. REUTERS/Stringer (CHINA - Tags: HEALTH DISASTER ANIMALS) CHINA OUT. NO COMMERCIAL OR EDITORIAL SALES IN CHINA
图像来源: Reuters

(德国之声中文网)来自哈勒的生物学教授克库勒(Alexander Kekule)表示:"我们不明白,为什么H7N9病毒会在人体身上引起这种奇怪的感染。"科学家们掌握的理论是,特别是在禽类之间易传播的病毒,极少会从禽类传播到人体。这种新型的H7N9型病毒却似乎推翻了这种说法。生物安全研究所负责人克库勒解释道:"这种病毒在禽类身上几乎看不到任何得病的迹象。"而正因为不能察觉到禽类或已感染上病毒,所以带有H7N9型病毒的鸡、鸭禽类或者是鸽子被食用的风险很大。

除此之外,克库勒还说出了一个令人不安的消息:"根据遗传分析我们可以得出结论,这种病毒肯定已在人体或其他哺乳动物,比如猪身上,潜伏了一段时间。"

这种病毒在潜伏期间去适应新的环境,并且在人体中选择了自己最佳的栖身之地--呼吸道。在4月1日,世卫组织首次报道了这种新型禽流感病毒,当时中国东部确诊了三名染有H7N9型病毒的患者。其后大概一个月,世卫组织发布的感染人数已经上升到了126例,并且有24个死亡病例。根据当局的说法,这是一种致命性的流感病原体。一些亚洲国家已经出台了更严厉的机场检查措施。

A monitor screen shows a 67-year-old patient suffering from the H7N9 bird flu strain receiving treatment at a hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, April 4, 2013. China said it was mobilising resources nationwide to combat the new strain of the deadly bird flu that has killed four people, as Japan and Hong Kong stepped up vigilance against the virus and Vietnam banned imports of Chinese poultry. A total of 11 people in China have been confirmed to have contracted H7N9, all in the east of the country, while another person died on Thursday, in Shanghai, bringing the number of deaths to four, state media said. Authorities in Shanghai also discovered the H7N9 virus in a pigeon sample taken from a traditional wholesale market, Xinhua added, believed to be the first time the virus has been discovered in a animal in China since the outbreak began. REUTERS/Chance Chan (CHINA - Tags: DISASTER HEALTH TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)
根据世卫组织的数据,到目前为止,中国H7N9禽流感病例已有126人。图像来源: Reuters

疫情散播

专家们正面临着一个令人恐惧的问题,即:这种新型禽流感病毒是否会在全球各地引发大规模疫情,造成数百万人死亡。目前对此还并没有一个明晰的答案。

一种流感病毒必须要发生基因转变,成为一种容易人传人的病毒,才能够引起全球范围的大流行病,专家们认为,H7N9病毒还没有发生这种情况。

根据世卫组织的说法,到目前为止还没有迹象表明出现了"持续性的人际传播"。不过有一点可以肯定的是,染有H7N9的患者中有些病人并不曾和禽类有过接触。克库勒总结道:"所以,这种病毒的途径是其他哺乳动物,抑或是人传人的可能性十分大。"

但是这位病毒学家认为,H7N9还远远达不到"恐怖病毒"的程度:"这种病毒必须要经历多次基因改变才能达到会引起大流行病的程度。"克库勒还乐观的补充说,到目前为止,还并没有监测到H7型病毒在人体上出现传播蔓延的现象。前途未卜

A farmer feeds chickens at a hennery in Ganyu county, Jiangsu province, April 3, 2013. A total of 10 people in China have been confirmed to have contracted H7N9, all in the east of the country. The latest was a 64-year-old man from Huzhou in the eastern province of Zhejiang, who state media said on Thursday was admitted to hospital on March 31. Picture taken April 3, 2013. REUTERS/China Daily (CHINA - Tags: HEALTH ANIMALS DISASTER) CHINA OUT. NO COMMERCIAL OR EDITORIAL SALES IN CHINA
受H7N9禽流感冲击,尤其中国江浙一带禽类市场低迷,家禽业损失巨大。图像来源: Reuters

罗伯特•科赫研究所(Robert-Koch-Institut)的苏珊娜•格莱斯马赫(Susanne Glasmacher)强调,一个禽流感病毒是否会朝着人际传播的方向发生基因转变,目前并不能对此作出预测。

目前的H7N9病毒与几年前出现的H5N1型禽流感病毒类似。因受H5N1禽流感的影响,德国家禽养殖场也曾出现了对动物的全面捕杀。从2003年起,全世界范围内有超过370人死于H5N1型禽流感病毒。和H5N1发病的症状相像,患有H7N9禽流感病毒病人的发病症状包括重症肺炎。另外的典型临床表现还有发高烧、上呼吸道感染和呼吸困难。世卫组织表示,也有一些患者的症状并不明显。

资料来源:路透社        编译:文木

责编:李鱼