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華西村,一個微型的「紅色中國」

2013年3月22日

近日,華西村原黨委書記吳仁寶逝世,華西村也重新成為焦點;今日吳仁寶追悼會舉行,宣佈一個神話般的時代劃上句號。而吳氏家族是否將繼續執掌該村未來?

https://p.dw.com/p/182aD
328 Meter hoher Wolkenkratzer in Huaxi, China Schlagworte Geografie, Architektur, Bauten, Gebäude, Reisen, Städte, Tourismus, Sehenswürdigkeit, Stadtansicht, Sehenswürdigkeiten, Hochhäuser, Touristenattraktion, Reiseziel, Bauwerk, Reise, Bauwerke, Stadt, Wolkenkratzer, Jiangsu, Reiseziele, Huaxi, Skyline, Hochhaus, Jiangyin
俯瞰華西村圖片來源: picture alliance / Photoshot

(德國之聲中文網)據「法新社」3月22日報導,被稱為「天下第一村」的江蘇省華西村原黨委書記吳仁寶的追悼會極盡哀榮,村民們告別了這位在上周一因患癌症逝世、將他們帶進「社會主義天堂」的人;吳仁寶的大幅照片掛在靈堂中央,被很多中國高層領導人送的花圈包圍著。一架直升飛機盤旋在20輛豪華的送葬車上空,他躺在一個普通的木棺中,身上覆蓋著鮮紅的中國國旗,數百名哀悼者戴黑紗默哀。一位村民表示「他將永遠活在我們心中。」

另中國官媒「新華網」大篇幅報導了這場追悼會,包括很多官員在內的近千人聚集在華西村民族宮大禮堂送其「最後一程」。江蘇江陰市委書記蔣洪亮的發言代表官方定調:「悼念中國共產黨優秀黨員,當代農村幹部傑出代表,社會主義新農村建設的探索者、開拓者和卓越的帶頭人,原江陰縣委書記、華西村原黨委書記吳仁寶同志,奮斗的一生,奉獻的一生,光輝的一生」。新華網報導中也正面披露了現任華西村黨委書記吳協恩為吳仁寶的第四個兒子,吳協恩是於2003年正式上任。實際上吳仁寶在退任十年間依然是華西村的靈魂人物。

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「吳仁寶以特殊的方式改造了華西村」

早在2006年,人民出版社曾出版《吳仁寶新傳》;以吳仁寶為原型還有電視劇《華西村的故事》和電影《吳仁寶》。伴隨這個名字的華西村的歷史也漸漸被公眾熟悉。華西建村於1961年,正值中國的大飢荒時代,成名於「學大寨時期」。吳仁寶偷偷興辦加工廠和企業等;這些小工廠也成為了中國鄉鎮企業的坯胎和萌芽,造就了後來的蘇南經濟發展模式。

People attend the funeral of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 21, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. Picture taken on March 21, 2013. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
吳仁寶的逝世是否預示一個神話時代的結束?圖片來源: Reuters

財經作家吳曉波曾表示:「吳仁寶在高調學大寨的同時,卻又干著另一些『見不得人』的工作。早在1969年,他就抽調20人在村裡偷偷辦起了小五金廠;1978年,吳仁寶盤點過華西村的家底,共有固定資產100萬元,銀行存款100萬元,另外還存有三年的口糧,這在全國的數千鄉村中可謂富甲一時。吳仁寶用一種很特殊的方式改造著他的家鄉。」

1980年中國漸趨開放,吳仁寶逆向而行,堅持集體經濟,華西村原有的工業促成了該村在這輪的經濟發展中,獲得了巨大收益,華西村在1989年初獲得「江陰第一億元村」稱號,進入上世紀90年代,鄧小平南巡之後,華西村經濟再一飛沖天,至2010年,華西全村總資產超160億元,下屬企業60多家,總產值超過500億。華西村也早已變成一家頗具實力的股份有限公司,而持股者是每個村民。

這裡逐漸地修建起華西村金塔、高達328米的五星級豪華的龍希大飯店和鎮店的金牛,另外還「克隆」美國國會、雪梨歌劇院、故宮、天安門等建築。近些年從各地蜂擁而至的人群到華西村旅遊,取經。《中國青年報》曾發表文章,指華西村整齊劃一的別墅和配發的同一型號的轎車,常常讓人走錯門,認錯車。而村中雷打不動的保留節目是吳仁寶給遊客的演講,每天至少一次,遊客多時一天2到3次。演講內容、語速、語調絲毫不差。《南方都市報》在2011年的進村採訪中,也指吳仁寶的身上還遺留著毛澤東時代的諸多特徵,喜歡標語和慶典儀式。

「華西村模式不可能複製」

吳仁寶去世後,中國主流媒體大幅描繪其傳奇人生和在打造華西村過程中的共同富裕理念,但亦有少數媒體指出,對於華西村來說,也許並不如表面上那麼光鮮,數字上很豐厚而實難兌現的股權、 複雜的產權關係、村民自治等,這些問題在沒有了「吳仁寶」的時代將逐漸顯露。

A staff polishes a gold ox statue using a ton of pure gold in Longxi International Hotel in Huaxi Village, Jiangyin, east Chinas Jiangsu Province, 6 October 2011. Huaxi village in east Chinas Jiangsu Province grabbed attention after completing a 328-meter high building that houses a statue of an ox made from a ton of gold. The village which has been dubbed as Chinas richest village spent more than 3 billion yuan (about 0.46 billion U.S. dollars) to build the 74-story building. The building opened as a hotel, named Longxi International Hotel, on October 8th to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the villages founding. Photo Yang Kejia
華西村標識物之一的龍希飯店內的金牛圖片來源: picture alliance/dpa

網友「柳絮才高」表示:「光環下的華西村就是一個監獄,試想我們誰沒在監獄裡面呢?」;另一位網友「Tinajames88」表示:「華西村怎麼看都像當年的人民公社,只不過現在的華西村分享了現代高科技成果和國家一部分人先富起來的政策的好處,吳仁寶的這種搞法是傳統社會主義,封建社會,資本主義的大雜燴。華西村模式和重慶模式一樣,不能複製。」

河南高校教師「王思想」在其部落格上發表博文《吳仁寶之死能否拯救華西村》,文章稱對於華西村,他本人始終持否定態度。他認為華西村是當代中國的一個縮影,在這裡金錢成為衡量成功的唯一標準;而該賺錢途徑奉行「貓論」:即不管黑貓白貓,抓著老鼠即為好貓,無谓智慧財產權、道德標準、資源的有序開發等;在財富分配上也是靠統一支配和上頭賞賜,王思想在此引用了美國一個政治學者的表態「能給你一切的政府,更有可能搶走你的一切」;王思想還表示在華西村任何一個質疑吳氏家庭的村民都會受到打壓,而村中的權力也由這個家族掌握和傳遞,目前吳氏家庭有22人掌控這裡的巨大財富。

「華西村是黨組織和鄉村政權結合的產物」

中國知名歷史學者章立凡在接受德國之聲採訪時,回顧在中國近年的歷史上,不同的時期都有著類似「吳仁寶」式的地方宗族勢力,只不過吳仁寶是在特殊的中共體制下修煉而成:「這種人肯定是『能人』,但是和原來中國歷史上的地方豪強不同,他是這個體制生出來的新一代,因為過去的那種地方紳士已經沒有了,被中共消滅了。這類的人物肯定在地方上有很大勢力,他們會兩頭通吃,他們與官方也有勾兌;他們也有為官方做事的一面,成長為地方的宗族勢力。1949年後社會細胞被置換成『黨細胞』,他也是黨細胞的一種,只不過發展的比較大,自成系統了。」
章立凡認為華西村相對來說是一個獨立王國,但又從未擺脫中國專權的影子:「是帶有毛左思想特徵,呈割據狀態,變成國中之國,但又是黨組織和鄉村政權的結合」;他也認為儘管有村民對華西村村民自治、分配製度等出現不滿,但吳仁寶的離世,並不意味著一種專權的結束,華西村短期內不可能實現民主:「就像北韓金家王朝一樣,北韓人民不接受也得接受,就是父傳子這一套,儘管大家都贊成一人一票,但在華西村家庭主義的情況下,有宗族勢力介入選舉,另外可以買票,這些問題在中國最基層層面,要走向民主還有很遠的路。」

吳仁寶逝世後,「新京報」採訪長期擔任吳仁寶秘書的吳海燕,他否認華西村是家族式管理。據悉目前除吳仁寶的四子吳協恩任該村黨委書記,他的大兒子吳協東、二兒子吳協德是副書記,三兒子吳協平是黨委常委;吳協東的大女兒吳芳,目前是江陰市市委常委、副市長。吳協德的兒子吳昊,是華西村黨委常委,兒媳周麗,是村委會常務主任、副書記。吳仁寶唯一的女兒吳鳳英、女婿繆洪達是黨委常委。吳鳳英的女兒繆華,是黨委副書記,女婿呂蘇君,是黨委副書記,負責海運、海洋工程。兒子繆連華是黨委委員。

作者:吳雨
責編:苗子

FILE - This Aug. 12, 2009 photo shows a young girl observing the general view of Huaxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Huaxi, though an extreme example, is emblematic of China 60 years after the Communist Party came to power on Oct. 1, 1949. After decades of denouncing free markets and then embracing them, the country is a distinctive patchwork of capitalism with communist characteristics, all anchored by a strong dose of practicality. (ddp images/AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko) ** zu unserem Korr **
整齊劃一的村莊,未來是否會走向民主之路?圖片來源: AP

附:更多華西村圖片

**ADVANCE FOR MONDAY, SEPT. 28** This Aug. 12, 2009 photo shows Wu Renbao, former party secretary, speaking about village development in Huaxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Huaxi, though an extreme example, is emblematic of China 60 years after the Communist Party came to power on Oct. 1, 1949. After decades of denouncing free markets and then embracing them, the country is a distinctive patchwork of capitalism with communist characteristics, all anchored by a strong dose of practicality. (ddp images/AP Photo/Eugene Hoshiko)
吳仁寶退任後依然是華西村的靈魂人物圖片來源: AP
A vehicle carries the coffin of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, during his funeral in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 22, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
吳仁寶的豪華靈車圖片來源: Reuters
HUAXI VILLAGE, Nov. 28, 2012 (Xinhua) -- Photo taken on Nov. 28, 2012 shows an overview of the newly built Huaxi Village Museum in Jiangyin City, east China's Jiangsu Province. The Huaxi Village Museum, which opened to the public on Wednesday, duplicates the buildings of the Forbidden city in Beijing and displays more than 10,000 artworks including paintings, carvings, jade, porcelain etc.. (Xinhua/Sun Can) (zn) XINHUA /LANDOV
村民悼念吳仁寶圖片來源: Reuters
A woman reacts during the funeral of Wu Renbao, the former party secretary of Huaxi village, also known as China's richest village, in Huaxi, Jiangsu province, March 22, 2013. Huaxi, a booming market town, is a capitalist success story despite decades of Communist control. A sleepy farming village of about 600 people in the 1950s, it survived the chaotic years of the Cultural Revolution and blossomed during China's subsequent economic transformation. Today it is a poster child for economic success. Residents credit the pragmatic polices and astute leadership of Wu Renbao for their success. Wu, who had mostly retired from political life, acted as an ambassador for the village as well as a living tourist attraction for those seeking to find out how he transformed Huaxi. REUTERS/Aly Song (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS BUSINESS SOCIETY)
參加悼念者包括官員在內有近千人圖片來源: Reuters
View of the Huaxi Village Museum, a partial replica of the Forbidden City in Beijing, next to other cloned constructions in Huaxi village, Jiangyin city, east Chinas Jiangsu province, 29 November 2012. Huaxi Village, the richest village in China, opened its own village-level museum on Wednesday (28 November 2012). The museum, a partial replica of the Forbidden City in Beijing, comprises of a full-scale angle tower, several full-scale halls and gates. It is located at the foot of the mountain together with other cloned constructions, such as the Great Wall, the Tiananmen and the US Capitol.
華西村博物館1比1複製故宮古建築圖片來源: picture alliance/landov
A traveler enjoys in a presidential suite in Longxi International Hotel in Jiangyin, east Chinas Jiangsu province, 6 October 2011. Huaxi village in east Chinas Jiangsu Province grabbed attention after completing a 328-meter high building that houses a statue of an ox made from a ton of gold. The village which has been dubbed as Chinas richest village spent more than 3 billion yuan (about 0.46 billion U.S. dollars) to build the 74-story building. The building opened as a hotel, named Longxi International Hotel, on October 8th to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the villages founding. Photo Yang Kejia
龍希大飯店以黃金作為內飾圖片來源: picture alliance/dpa